Shanghai Ecust Biomedicine Co., Ltd

Product Name：Gabapentin

Synonym：Gabapentin，Neurontin

Chemical name: 1-(aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid.

Molecular Formula：C9H17NO2

Molecular Weight: 171.34

CAS NO: [60142-96-3]

Structure：

Speification: USP29 or USP30

Properties:  Crystals from ethanol/ether, mp 162-166℃(Satzinger); also reported as mp 165-167℃(Schmidt).  pKa1 (25℃) 3.68; pKa2 10.70.  Isoelectric point 7.14.  Solubility in water at pH 7.4 exceeds 10%.

Usage/ Therap-Cat: anti-epilepsy, Anticonvulsant.

Packaging：25kg/drum, or according to customer requirment.

MSDS：/

Manufacturer：Shanghai Ecust Biomedicine Co.,Ltd.

Marks：

Gabapentin is only approved in the USA for the treatment of people with seizures. There are few systematic studies that establish the safety or efficacy of gabapentin as a treatment for people with mood disorders, anxiety or tardive dyskinesia. While such studies are in the progress, what is currently known about the use of gabapentin for the control of mood and anxiety disorders and tardive dyskinesia comes mostly from uncontrolled case reports. The few double-blind placebo-controlled studies that have been done to date have not demonstrated that gaba- pentin is an effective mood stbailizer.

Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that is chemically unrelated to any other anticonvulsant or mood regulating medication. Gabapentin received final approval for marketing in the USA on 30 December 1993 and is labeled only for use as an anticonvulsant. It is also widely used to treat individuals suffering from many kinds of pain problems, tremors, restless legs syndrome, hot flashes associated with menopause, and various psychiatric disorders.

Gabapentin has had been successful in controlling rapid cycling and mixed bipolar states in a few people who have not received adequate relief from carbamazepine and/or valproate. It also appears that gabapentin has significantly more antianxiety and antiagitation potency than either carbamazepine or valproate. Gabapentin also may be useful as a treatoent for people with antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia.

Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant drug that has a structure similar to that of -aminobytyric acid (GABA) but does not bind to GABA receptors. It increases nonsynaptic GABA release from the glia, and it is a substrate and a competitive inhibitor of the large neutral amino acid carrier system. Furthermore, gabapentin modulates (but does not directly block) sodium channels and increases human whole-blood serotonin concentrations. Finally, the drug may subtly modulate calcium channels by binding to the 2subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, reducing monoamine release. Its favorable safety profile and lack of drug interactions make it an alternative for use in treating a variety of neurologic and psychiatric conditions.

Because gabapentin has a potential effect in the management of dementia-associated agitation, it has been suggested as an addition to haloperidol or donepezil  treatment. Gabapentin also has been successfully used to treat behavioral dyscontrol in a 13-year-old boy with diagnoses of intermittent explosive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, organic mood disorder, simple partial seizure disorder, and closed head injury. We report on an agitated woman with profound mental retardation due to Cornelia de Lange syndrome who was treated with gabapentin.

FAQ:(from www.psycom.net) 
Gabapentin for Depression, Mania and Anxiety.
NOTE: Gabapentin is only approved in the USA for the treatment of people with seizures. There are few systematic studies that establish the safety or efficacy of Gabapentin as a treat- ment for people with mood disorders, anxiety or tardive dyskinesia. While such studies are in the progress, what is currently known about the use of Gabapentin for the control of mood and anxiety disorders and tardive dyskinesia comes mostly from uncontrolled case reports. The few double-blind placebo-controlled studies that have been done to date have not demonstrated that gaba- pentin is an effective mood stbailizer. 
1.What is Gabapentin?
Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant that is chemically unrelated to any other anticonvulsant or mood regulating medication. 
2. When was Gabapentin approved for marketing in the USA and for what indications may it be promoted? 
Gabapentin received final approval for marketing in the USA on 30 December 1993 and is labeled only for use as an anticonvulsant. It is also widely used to treat individuals suffering from many kinds of pain problems, tremors, restless legs syndrome, hot flashes associated with menopause, and various psychiatric disorders. 
3. Is a generic version of Gabapentin available? 
Generic forms of Gabapentin are available in the USA as the manufacturer no longer has patent protection. 
4. How does Gabapentin differ from other mood stabilizing drugs? 
Gabapentin differs from other mood stabilizing drugs in two major ways: 
I. Gabapentin is sometimes effectiveness for patients who have failed to respond to antidepressants or mood stabilizers;

II. Gabapentin's relatively benign side-effect profile. 
5. What, if anything, uniquely distinguishes Gabapentin from carbamazepine and valproate? 
Gabapentin has had been successful in controlling rapid cycling and mixed bipolar states in a few people who have not received adequate relief from carbamazepine and/or valproate. It also appears that Gabapentin has significantly more antianxiety and antiagitation potency than either carbamazepine or valproate. Gabapentin also may be useful as a treatoent for people with antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. 

6. People with what sorts of mood and/or anxiety disorders are candidates for treatment with Gabapentin? 
It is too early to be very specific about which mood disorders are most likely to respond to treatment with Gabapentin. There are very few published reports on Gabapentin's use in psychiatry. Patients with hard-to-treat bipolar syndromes seem to have been treated more often than patients with "treatment-resistant" unipolar disorders, although a few people with such hard to treat unipolar depressions have been treated with good results. It is possible that Gabapentin will prove to be a useful treatment for people with other mood disorders.

Gabapentin also seems to have significant activity as a way of controlling various anxiety disorders. 

7. Is Gabapentin useful for the treatment of acute depressed, manic and mixed states, and can it also be used to prevent future episodes of mania and/or depression? 
The initial use of Gabapentin was to treat people with depressed, manic and mixed states that did not respond to existing medications. Some patients are now being maintained on Gabapentin on a long term basis in an attempt to prevent future episodes. The effectiveness of Gabapentin as a long-term prophylactic agent is currently being investigated. 

8. Are there any laboratory tests that should precede the start of Gabapentin therapy? 
Before Gabapentin is prescribed the patient should have a thorough medical evaluation, including blood and urine tests, to rule out any medical condition, such as thyroid disorders, that may cause or exacerbate a mood disorder. 

9. How is treatment with Gabapentin initiated? 
Gabapentin is usually started at a dose of 300 mg once a day, usually at bed time. Every three to five days the dose is increased. In some people a response is seen with 600 mg/day . . . other people must increase the dose as high as 4,800 mg/day. 

10. Are there any special problems prescribing Gabapentin for people taking lithium, carbamazepine (Tegretol), or valproate (Depakote)? 
No interactions between Gabapentin and lithium, carbamazepine or valproate have been reported. 

11. What is the usual final dose of Gabapentin? 
When used as an antidepressant or as a mood-stabilizing agent the final dose of Gabapentin is most often between 900 and 2,000. Some people require doses as high as 4,800 mg/day to achieve a good results.

As Gabapentin has a half-life of about six hours it must be administered three or four times a day, 

12. How long does it take for Gabapentin to 'kick-in?' 
While some people notice the antimanic and antidepressant effects within a week or two of starting treatment, others have to take a therapeutic amount of Gabapentin for up to a month before being aware of a significant amount of improvement. 

13. What are the side-effects of Gabapentin? 
Here is a listing of Gabapentin's side effects that affected 5% or more of the 543 people taking the drug during clinical trials and the frequency of those side effects in the 378 people treated with placebo in those trials: 
Adverse Reactions (%)

Adverse Reaction Gabapentin Placebo

Sleepiness 19 9
Dizziness 17 7
Unsteadiness 13 6
Fatigue 11 3
Nystagmus 8 4
Tremor 7 3
Double Vision 6 2

Side-effects are most noticeable the few days after an increase in dose and then usually fade. 

14. Which side-effects are severe enough to force people to discontinue Gabapentin? 
The side effects most often associated with discontinuation of Gabapentin are sleepiness (1.2%), unsteadiness (0.8%), fatigue (0.6%), nausea and/or vomiting (0.6%), and dizziness (0.6%). 

15. Does Gabapentin have any psychiatric side effects? 
Among the rarely reported side effects of Gabapentin are depersonalization, mania, agitation, paranoia, and increased or decreased libido. 

16. How does Gabapentin interact with prescription and over-the-counter medications? 
Only a few interactions between Gabapentin and other drugs have been identified. Antacids may decrease the absorption of Gabapentin and lower the blood level by 20% Gabapentin may increase the concentration of some oral contraceptives by 13%. This probably is not clinically significant. 

17. Is there an interaction between Gabapentin and alcohol? 
Alcohol may increase the severity of the side-effects of Gabapentin. 

18. Is Gabapentin safe for a woman who is about to become pregnant, pregnant or nursing an infant? 
Gabapentin is has been placed in the FDA pregnancy Category C:

"Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus but there are no adequate studies in humans; The benefits from the use of the drug in pregnant women may be acceptable despite its potential risks . . . ." 

19. Is Gabapentin safe for children and adolescents? 
Gabapentin has been used with children and young adolescents in other countries other than the USA. In the USA Gabapentin is only approved for use in those over the age of 12. 

20. Can Gabapentin be used in elderly people? 
Older people seem to handle Gabapentin similarly to younger ones. There is little experience using Gabapentin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders in the elderly. 

21. Do symptoms develop if Gabapentin is suddenly discontinued? 
Like other psychopharmacologic agents, Gabapentin should be discontinued gradually. Withdrawal reactions have been occasionally treported, mostly in people who have abruptly stopped taking large doses of Gabapentin. Only when necessary because of a serious side effect, should Gabapentin be suddenly discontinued. 

22. Is Gabapentin toxic if taken in overdose? 
Data on overdoses are scarce. Overdoses of up to 49,000 mg of Gabapentin have been survived without sequelae. 

23. Can Gabapentin be taken along with MAO inhibitors? 
Yes, the combination has been used without any special problems. 

24. What does Gabapentin cost? 
As of 10 April 2005, the per tablet cost of generic Gabapentin, when ordered in lots of 100 tablets from an on-line pharmacy (drugstore.com) was:

100 mg - $0.39
300 mg - $0.67
400 mg - $0.83
600 mg - $1.00
800 mg - $1.00

25. Might Gabapentin be effective in people who have failed to receive benefit from other psychopharmacologic agents? 
The major use of Gabapentin in psychiatry is with people who have mood or anxiety disorders that have not been adequately controlled by other medications. 

26. What are the advantages of Gabapentin? 
Gabapentin seems to be effective in some people with bipolar mood disorders that have not responded to lithium or other mood-stabilizers. Some people who have not been able to tolerate any antidepressant because of switches to mania or increased speed or intensity of cycling, or because of the development of mixed states, have been able to tolerate therapeutic doses of anti- depressants when taking Gabapentin.

For most people, Gabapentin has minimal side effects. 

27. What are the disadvantages of Gabapentin? 
As Gabapentin has only been available for a relatively short time, it was first marketed in 1990, there is no information about long term side-effects. As its use with people with mood disorders started even more recently, it is not known if people who initially do well on Gabapentin continue to do so after many years of treatment.

The short half-life of Gabapentin makes it necessary for it to be taken in divided doses over the course of the day.

Similar to other drugs that have the ability to reduce depression, Gabapentin can induce mania in some people with bipolar disorder.

It has been hard to demonstrate in controlled studies the effectiveness of Gabapentin as a mood control agent. 

28. Why should physicians prescribe, and patients take, Gabapentin, when there are mood regulating medications that have been available for many years and which have been shown to be effective in double-blind placebo-controlled studies? 
There are two major reasons why physicians prescribe and patients take Gabapentin rather than conventional, better established drugs. They are that not everyone benefits from treatment with the older, better known drugs, and that some patients find the side effects of the established drugs to be unacceptable. 

29. Is Gabapentin available in countries other than the USA? 
Gabapentin is currently available in about 45 countries. 

30. Are there any published reports on the psychiatric uses of Gabapentin? 
Among the published reports on Gabapentin are: 
Albertazzi P, Bottazzi M, Purdie DW. 
Gabapentin for the management of hot flushes: a case series. 
Menopause. 2003 May-Jun;10(3):214-217.
PMID: 12792292

Altshuler LL, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Suppes T, Brown ES, Denicoff K, Frye
M, Gitlin M, Hwang S, Goodman R, Leverich G, Nolen W, Kupka R, Post R. 
Gabapentin in the acute treatment of refractory bipolar disorder.
Bipolar Disord. 1999 Sep;1(1):61-5.
PMID: 11256659

Bennett J, Goldman WT, Suppes T. 
Gabapentin for treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Apr;17(2):141-2. 
PMID: 10950494

Blanco C, Antia SX, Liebowitz MR. 
Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder.
Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jan 1;51(1):109-20. Review.
PMID: 11801236

Botts SR, Raskind J. 
Gabapentin and lamotrigine in bipolar disorder.
Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999 Oct 1;56(19):1939-44. Review.
PMID: 10554911

Bowden CL. 
Novel treatments for bipolar disorder.
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2001 Apr;10(4):661-71. Review.
PMID: 11281816

Bozikas V, Petrikis P, Gamvrula K, Savvidou I, Karavatos A. 
Treatment of alcohol withdrawal with Gabapentin.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jan;26(1):197-9.
PMID: 11853112 [PubMed - in process]

Brannon N, Labbate L, Huber M. 
Gabapentin treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder.
Can J Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;45(1):84. No abstract available.
PMID: 10696495

Cabras PL, Hardoy MJ, Hardoy MC, Carta MG. 
Clinical experience with Gabapentin in patients with bipolar or schizoaffective
disorder: results of an open-label study.
J Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Apr;60(4):245-8.
PMID: 10221286

Calabrese JR, Shelton MD, Rapport DJ, Kimmel SE. 
Bipolar disorders and the effectiveness of novel anticonvulsants.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2002;63 Suppl 3:5-9.
PMID: 11908919

Carta MG, Hardoy MC, Dessi I, Hardoy MJ, Carpiniello B. 
Adjunctive Gabapentin in patients with intellectual disability and bipolar
spectrum disorders.
J Intellect Disabil Res. 2001 Apr;45(Pt 2):139-45.
PMID: 11298253

Carta MG, Hardoy MC, Hardoy MJ, Grunze H, Carpiniello B. 
The clinical use of Gabapentin in bipolar spectrum disorders.
J Affect Disord. 2003 Jun;75(1):83-91. Review. 
PMID: 12781355

Chengappa KN, Rathore D, Levine J, Atzert R, Solai L, Parepally H, Levin H,
Moffa N, Delaney J, Brar JS. 
Topiramate as add-on treatment for patients with bipolar mania.
Bipolar Disord. 1999 Sep;1(1):42-53.
PMID: 11256656

Crockford D, White WD, Campbell B. 
Gabapentin use in benzodiazepine dependence and detoxification.
Can J Psychiatry. 2001 Apr;46(3):287. No abstract available.
PMID: 11320686

De Leon OA. 
Antiepileptic drugs for the acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder.
Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2001 Sep-Oct;9(5):209-22. Review.
PMID: 11553525

Dopheide JA, Wincor MZ. 
Gabapentin and lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998 Sep-Oct;38(5):632-4. No abstract available.
PMID: 9782699

Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. 
Antidepressant properties of anticonvulsant drugs for bipolar disorder. 
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Apr;23(2):182-92. 
PMID: 12640220

Erfurth A, Kammerer C, Grunze H, Normann C, Walden J. 
An open label study of Gabapentin in the treatment of acute mania.
J Psychiatr Res. 1998 Sep-Oct;32(5):261-4.
PMID: 9789203

Ferrier IN. 
Lamotrigine and Gabapentin. Alternative in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Neuropsychobiology. 1998 Oct;38(3):192-7. Review.
PMID: 9778608

Freeman MP, Freeman SA, McElroy SL. 
The comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: prevalence, psychobiology, and
treatment issues.
J Affect Disord. 2002 Feb;68(1):1-23.
PMID: 11869778

Frye MA, Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, Dunn RT, Speer AM, Osuch EA, Luckenbaugh
DA, Cora-Ocatelli G, Leverich GS, Post RM. 
A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and Gabapentin monotherapy in
refractory mood disorders.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Dec;20(6):607-14.
PMID: 11106131

Frye MA, Kimbrell TA, Dunn RT, Piscitelli S, Grothe D, Vanderham E,
Cora-Locatelli G, Post RM, Ketter TA. 
Gabapentin does not alter single-dose lithium pharmacokinetics.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998 Dec;18(6):461-4.
PMID: 9864078

Garcia-Campayo J, Sanz-Carrillo C. 
Gabapentin for the treatment of patients with somatization disorder.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Jun;62(6):474. 
PMID: 11465526

Ghaemi SN, Goodwin FK. 
Gabapentin treatment of the non-refractory bipolar spectrum: an open case
series.
J Affect Disord. 2001 Jul;65(2):167-71.
PMID: 11356240

Ghaemi SN, Katzow JJ, Desai SP, Goodwin FK. 
Gabapentin treatment of mood disorders: a preliminary study.
J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 Aug;59(8):426-9.
PMID: 9721823

Gilmer WS. 
Anticonvulsants in the treatment of mood disorders: assessing current and 
future roles.
Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2001 Oct;2(10):1597-608.
PMID: 11825302

Ginsberg DL, Sussman N. 
Gabapentin as prophylaxis against steroid-induced mania.
Can J Psychiatry. 2001 Jun;46(5):455-6. No abstract available.
PMID: 11441792

Gitlin MJ. 
Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder.
Bull Menninger Clin. 2001 Winter;65(1):26-40. Review.
PMID: 11280956

Grunze H, Erfurth A, Amann B, Normann C, Walden J. 
[Gabapentin in the treatment of mania]
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1999 Jun;67(6):256-60. German.
PMID: 10399045

Grunze H, Walden J. 
Relevance of new and newly rediscovered anticonvulsants for atypical forms of bipolar disorder.
J Affect Disord. 2002 Dec;72 Suppl:S15-21. 
PMID: 12589899

Guttuso T Jr, Kurlan R, McDermott MP, Kieburtz K. 
Gabapentin's effects on hot flashes in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. 
Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Feb;101(2):337-345. 
PMID: 12576259

Hamner MB, Brodrick PS, Labbate LA. 
Gabapentin in PTSD: a retrospective, clinical series of adjunctive therapy.
Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Sep;13(3):141-6.
PMID: 11791951

Hamrin V, Bailey K. 
Gabapentin and methylphenidate treatment of a preadolescent with attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder.
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2001 Fall;11(3):301-9.
PMID: 11642481

Hardoy MC, Hardoy MJ, Carta MG, Cabras PL. 
Gabapentin as a promising treatment for antipsychotic-induced movement disorders
in schizoaffective and bipolar patients.
J Affect Disord. 1999 Aug;54(3):315-7.
PMID: 10467977

Hatzimanolis J, Lykouras L, Oulis P, Christodoulou GN. 
Gabapentin as monotherapy in the treatment of acute mania.
Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1999 Mar;9(3):257-8.
PMID: 10208297

Herrmann N, Lanctot K, Myszak M. 
Effectiveness of Gabapentin for the treatment of behavioral disorders in
dementia.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Feb;20(1):90-3.
PMID: 10653214

Knoll J, Stegman K, Suppes T. 
Clinical experience using Gabapentin adjunctively in patients with a history of
mania or hypomania.
J Affect Disord. 1998 Jun;49(3):229-33.
PMID: 9629953

Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Altshuler LL, Denicoff KD, Frye MA, Leverich GS, Keck
PE Jr, McElroy SL, Rush AJ, Suppes T, Post RM. 
The Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network: 2. Preliminary summary of demographics,
course of illness and response to novel treatments.
Br J Psychiatry. 2001 Jun;178(41):S177-S183.
PMID: 11388959

Layton ME, Friedman SD, Dager SR. 
Brain metabolic changes during lactate-induced panic: effects of Gabapentin treatment. 
Depress Anxiety. 2001;14(4):251-4. 
PMID: 11754135

Letterman L, Markowitz JS. 
Gabapentin: a review of published experience in the treatment of bipolar
disorder and other psychiatric conditions.
Pharmacotherapy. 1999 May;19(5):565-72. Review.
PMID: 10331819

Li X, Ketter TA, Frye MA. 
Synaptic, intracellular, and neuroprotective mechanisms of anticonvulsants: are they relevant for 
the treatment and course of bipolar disorders? 
J Affect Disord. 2002 May;69(1-3):1-14. Review. 
PMID: 12103447

Maidment ID. 
Gabapentin treatment for bipolar disorders.
Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Oct;35(10):1264-9. Review.
PMID: 11675857

Maurer I, Volz HP, Sauer H. 
Gabapentin leads to remission of somatoform pain disorder with major depression.
Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999 Nov;32(6):255-7.
PMID: 10599936

McElroy SL, Soutullo CA, Keck PE Jr, Kmetz GF. 
A pilot trial of adjunctive Gabapentin in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1997 Jun;9(2):99-103.
PMID: 9242896

Megna JL, Devitt PJ, Sauro MD, Dewan MJ. 
Gabapentin's effect on agitation in severely and persistently mentally ill
patients.
Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Jan;36(1):12-6.
PMID: 11816241

Miller LJ. 
Gabapentin for treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.
Ann Pharmacother. 2001 Apr;35(4):427-31.
PMID: 11302405

Montanes Rada F, de Lucas Taracena MT. 
[Efficacy of Gabapentin in a sample of bipolar patients]
Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2001 Nov-Dec;29(6):386-9. Spanish.
PMID: 11730576

Muzina DJ, El-Sayegh S, Calabrese JR. 
Antiepileptic drugs in psychiatry-focus on randomized controlled trial.
Epilepsy Res. 2002 Jun;50(1-2):195-202. Review. 
PMID: 12151129 [PubMed

Norton JW. 
Gabapentin withdrawal syndrome.
Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001 Jul-Aug;24(4):245-6.
PMID: 11479399

Obrocea GV, Dunn RM, Frye MA, Ketter TA, Luckenbaugh DA, Leverich GS, Speer
AM, Osuch EA, Jajodia K, Post RM. 
Clinical predictors of response to lamotrigine and Gabapentin monotherapy in
refractory affective disorders.
Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Feb 1;51(3):253-60.
PMID: 11839368

Pande AC, Crockatt JG, Janney CA, Werth JL, Tsaroucha G. 
Gabapentin in bipolar disorder: a placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive
therapy. Gabapentin Bipolar Disorder Study Group.
Bipolar Disord. 2000 Sep;2(3 Pt 2):249-55.
PMID: 11249802

Pande AC, Davidson JR, Jefferson JW, Janney CA, Katzelnick DJ, Weisler RH,
Greist JH, Sutherland SM. 
Treatment of social phobia with Gabapentin: a placebo-controlled study.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1999 Aug;19(4):341-8.
PMID: 10440462

Pande AC, Pollack MH, Crockatt J, Greiner M, Chouinard G, Lydiard RB,
Taylor CB, Dager SR, Shiovitz T. 
Placebo-controlled study of Gabapentin treatment of panic disorder.
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000 Aug;20(4):467-71.
PMID: 10917408

Perugi G, Toni C, Frare F, Ruffolo G, Moretti L, Torti C, Akiskal HS. 
Effectiveness of adjunctive Gabapentin in resistant bipolar disorder: is it due to anxious-alcohol abuse comorbidity? 
J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002 Dec;22(6):584-91. 
PMID: 12454558

Perugi G, Toni C, Ruffolo G, Sartini S, Simonini E, Akiskal H. 
Clinical experience using adjunctive Gabapentin in treatment-resistant bipolar
mixed states.
Pharmacopsychiatry. 1999 Jul;32(4):136-41. Review.
PMID: 10505483

Pollack MH, Matthews J, Scott EL. 
Gabapentin as a potential treatment for anxiety disorders.
Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;155(7):992-3. No abstract available.
PMID: 9659873

Post RM, Frye MA, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, Dunn RT, Osuch EA, Speer AM,
Obrocea G, Jajodia K. 
Emerging trends in the treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a selected
review.
Bipolar Disord. 2000 Dec;2(4):305-15. Review.
PMID: 11252642

Robillard M, Conn D. 
Gabapentin use in geriatric patients with depression and bipolar illness.
Can J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;46(8):764. No abstract available.
PMID: 11692986

Ryback RS, Brodsky L, Munasifi F. 
Gabapentin in bipolar disorder.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997 Spring;9(2):301.
PMID: 9144113

Schaffer CB, Schaffer LC. 
Gabapentin in the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Feb;154(2):291-2. No abstract available.
PMID: 9016291

Schaffer CB, Schaffer LC. 
Open maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder spectrum patients who responded
to Gabapentin augmentation in the acute phase of treatment.
J Affect Disord. 1999 Oct;55(2-3):237-40.
PMID: 10628894

Sokolski KN, Green C, Maris DE, DeMet EM. 
Gabapentin as an adjunct to standard mood stabilizers in outpatients with mixed
bipolar symptomatology.
Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;11(4):217-22.
PMID: 10596736

Soutullo CA, Casuto LS, Keck PE Jr. 
Gabapentin in the treatment of adolescent mania: a case report.
J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1998;8(1):81-5.
PMID: 9639083

Stanton SP, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL. 
Treatment of acute mania with Gabapentin.
Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Feb;154(2):287. No abstract available.
PMID: 9016284

Trinka E, Niedermuller U, Thaler C, Doering S, Moroder T, Ladurner G, Bauer G. 
Gabapentin-induced mood changes with hypomanic features in adults.
Seizure. 2000 Oct;9(7):505-8.
PMID: 11034877

Van Ameringen M, Mancini C. 
Pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder at the turn of the millennium.
Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001 Dec;24(4):783-803. Review.
PMID: 11723633

Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Nieto E, Colom F, Reinares M, Benabarre A, Gasto C. 
Adjunctive Gabapentin treatment of bipolar disorder.
Eur Psychiatry. 2000 Nov;15(7):433-7.
PMID: 11112936

Wang PW, Santosa C, Schumacher M, Winsberg ME, Strong C, Ketter TA. 
Gabapentin augmentation therapy in bipolar depression. 
Bipolar Disord. 2002 Oct;4(5):296-301. 
PMID: 12479661

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